The future of energy storage: Emerging battery technologies for a sustainable world

In this article, Marie-Alexis explores the emerging battery technologies that are helping to innovate the future of energy storage.

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Marie-Alexis Mezin | Connect on LinkedIn | mmezin@hlk-ip.com

A Nobel-winning technology

Lithium-ion batteries were first commercialized in the early 1990s, and their high energy density and rechargeability made them a perfect fit for portable electronics. The creators of lithium-ion battery technology John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino were recognised as ushering in the wireless age, receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019.

It is no exaggeration to say that Lithium-ion batteries have shaped the modern era, but emerging technologies offer a glimpse of a future where energy storage is not only more efficient but also more sustainable.

As the world transitions to renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) to combat the escalating challenges of climate change, battery technology is evolving rapidly. This shift is crucial because the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like solar and wind necessitates advanced energy storage solutions to ensure a stable and reliable power supply.

Beyond lithium: The race for safer, smarter battery technologies

Solid-State Batteries

Unlike conventional lithium-ion batteries, which use liquid electrolytes, solid-state batteries (SSB) utilise solid electrolytes. This means SSBs can store more energy in the same space, potentially extending EV range significantly. The absence of flammable liquid electrolytes reduces the risk of fire or explosion. Additionally, reduced degradation of materials enhances battery longevity, which minimises electronic waste. A study published in Nature Energy suggests that SSBs could significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with battery production. Companies like Toyota, QuantumScape, and Solid Power are actively working to commercialise SSBs. However, challenges such as manufacturing costs and scalability remain barriers to widespread adoption.

Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries are gaining attention as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to lithium-ion technology. Sodium is far more abundant than lithium and cheaper to extract, making these batteries an attractive option for large-scale energy storage applications. Furthermore, Na-ion batteries operate efficiently even in extreme cold conditions, making them particularly suitable for use in regions with harsh climates. Research published in Sustainable Energy & Fuels and a report by the U.S. Department of Energy highlight that sodium-ion batteries have the potential to significantly reduce the environmental footprint of battery production compared to lithium-ion batteries. Companies like CATL and Faradion are working to commercialise sodium-ion technology, with potential applications in grid storage and low-cost EVs.

Lithium-Sulphur Batteries

Lithium-sulphur (Li-S) batteries are another promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries, offering advantages such as the use of abundant and cost-effective sulphur as a cathode material. These batteries can theoretically store up to five times more energy than lithium-ion batteries, making them highly attractive for energy-dense applications. Moreover, the use of sulphur reduces reliance on scarce metals like cobalt and nickel. ​Recent research from the University of Cambridge has focused on enhancing the performance and scalability of Li-S batteries. The goal is to move this innovation closer to commercial use, particularly in applications where weight is crucial, such as powered flight. ​Despite these advantages, Li-S batteries face challenges such as rapid degradation and limited charge cycles. Researchers are actively working on stabilizing the sulphur cathodes to improve performance and longevity.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Although not a traditional battery, hydrogen fuel cells are an alternative energy storage solution. Hydrogen fuel cells convert hydrogen into electricity through a chemical reaction, offering high energy efficiency that can provide longer driving ranges for EVs. Since the only by-product of hydrogen fuel cells is water, they represent a zero-emission energy source, contributing to a cleaner environment. Additionally, their versatility allows them to be used in vehicles, stationary power sources, and even aerospace applications. The primary challenges with hydrogen fuel cells include infrastructure development and hydrogen production efficiency, but ongoing research and investment aims to address these issues.

Wave of Patent Filings for Battery Technologies

As researchers and companies worldwide develop new battery technologies promising to revolutionise energy storage, support the integration of renewable energy, and contribute to environmental sustainability, they are increasingly seeking to strategically protect these innovations with patents. The number of patent publications in International Patent Classification (IPC) Class H01M, relating to batteries, has doubled in a decade, from about 68,000 in 2014 to more than 160,000 in 2023. Robust patent portfolios help companies secure competitive advantages and attract investment. While LG and Samsung have the largest portfolios of patents and patent applications relating to battery technology, there is an increasing number of companies in the sector. High growth in competition and commercial value of the market makes intellectual property protection even more crucial.

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